The subiculum role on learning and memory tasks using rats and mice: A scoping review.

This scoping review aimed to systematically identify and summarize data related to subiculum involvement in learning and memory behavioral tasks in rats and mice. Following a systematic strategy based on PICO and PRISMA guidelines, we searched five indexed databases (PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, and PsycInfo) using a standardized search strategy to identify peer-reviewed articles published in English (pre-registration: osf.io/hm5ea). We identified 31 articles investigating the role of the subiculum in spatial, working, and recognition memories (n = 11), memories related to addiction models (n = 9), aversive memories (n = 7), and memories related to appetitive learning (n = 5). We highlight a dissociation in the dorsoventral axis of the subiculum with many studies exploring the ventral subiculum (n = 21) but only a few exploring the dorsal one (n = 10). We also observe the necessity of more data including mice, female animals, genetic tools, and better statistical approaches for replication purposes and research refinement. These findings provide a broad framework of the subiculum involvement in learning and memory, showing essential questions that can be explored by further studies.

The contextual fear conditioning consolidation depends on the functional interaction of the dorsal subiculum and basolateral amygdala in rats.

Fear conditioning tasks enable us to explore the neural basis of adaptative and maladaptive behaviors related to aversive memories. Recently, we provided the first evidence of the dorsal subiculum (DSub) involvement in contextual fear conditioning (CFC) consolidation by showing that the post-training bilateral NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor blockade in DSub impaired the performance of animals in the test session. As the memory consolidation process depends on the coordinated engagement of different brain regions, and the DSub share reciprocal projections with the basolateral amygdala (BLA), which is also involved in CFC, it is possible that the functional interaction between these sites can be relevant for the consolidation of this task. In this sense, the present study aimed to explore the effects of the functional disconnection of the DSub and BLA in the CFC consolidation after NMDA post-training blockade. In addition, to verify if the observed effects were due to spatial representation processes mediated by the DSub, we employed a hippocampal-independent procedure: tone fear conditioning (TFC). Results showed that the functional disconnection of these regions by post-training NMDA blockade impaired CFC consolidation, whereas there was no impairment in TFC. Altogether, the present data suggest that the DSub and BLA would functionally interact through NMDA-related synaptic plasticity to support CFC consolidation probably due to DSub-related spatial processing showing that the TFC consolidation was not disrupted. This work contributes to filling a gap of studies exploring the DSub involvement in fear conditioning by providing a broad framework of the subicular-amygdaloid connection functionality.

A cognitive rehabilitation program to improve hot and cool executive dysfunction in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: Preliminary findings.

OBJECTIVE: Executive and attentional deficits are often described in Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME). We aimed to evaluate the short-term impact of rehabilitation developed for the most frequent cognitive deficits of persons with JME. METHODS: Thirty-three patients entered this study which consisted of 12 individual sessions once a 60-minute week, divided into planning/organization, attention, and impulsivity. Twenty-seven patients finished the protocol, and all patients had pre-and-post evaluations from neuropsychological tests and self-rating questionnaires. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) inferential statistics were used to verify the protocol's effect, and a 95% confidence interval was adopted. RESULTS: We found significant improvement in selective attention (TMT A [p < 0.01] and Stroop test 2 [p = 0.03]), inhibitory control (Stroop test 3 [p = 0.02], FAS [p < 0.01], CPT commissions [p < 0.01]), mental flexibility [WCST categories p < 0.01] and implicit decision making (IGT blocks A [p < 0.01], B [p = 0.02], C [p < 0.01] and D [p < 0.01]). All components of the Behavioral Rating Index of Executive Functions metacognition index and the general quotient had significant improvement (initiative [p ≤ 0.01], working memory [p ≤ 0.01], planning and organization [p ≤ 0.01], task monitor [p = 0.02] and organization of materials [p = 0.02]). Regarding the Behavioral Regulation Index, the "Emotional Control" was improved [p = 0.03]. The attentional component and general scores of the Adult Self-Report Scale for Adults also changed significantly [p ≤ 0.01]. SIGNIFICANCE: Executive function and attention had an improvement in objective and subjective tests. The context-dependent reactive mechanism of impulsivity improved in instruments based on the ecological evaluation. Our findings, though preliminary due to a lack of controls and practice effect corrections, support that cognitive rehabilitation may be a valuable resource to alleviate cognitive deficits in patients with JME.

Impact of COVID-19 RT-PCR testing of asymptomatic health care workers on absenteeism and hospital transmission during the pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Reducing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic patients is critical in controlling the circulation of the virus. METHODS: This study evaluated the prevalence of Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positivity in serial tests in 429 asymptomatic health care workers (HCW) and its impact on absenteeism. HCW from a COVID-19 reference hospital were tested, screened, and placed on leave. A time-series segmented regression of weekly absenteeism rates was used, and cases of infection among hospitalized patients were analyzed. Viral gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed on samples from HCW who had a positive result. RESULTS: A significant decrease in absenteeism was detected 3-4 weeks after the intervention at a time of increased transmission within the city. The prevalence of RT-PCR positivity among asymptomatic professionals was 17.3%. Phylogenetic analyses (59 samples) detected nine clusters, two of them strongly suggestive of intrahospital transmission with strains (75% B.1.1.28) circulating in the region during this period. CONCLUSIONS: Testing and placing asymptomatic professionals on leave contributed to control strategy for COVID-19 transmission in the hospital environment, and in reducing positivity and absenteeism, which directly influences the quality of care and exposes professionals to an extra load of stress.

Agressividade e psicopatia: um estudo comparativo entre detentos e adolescentes / Aggression and psychopathy: a comparative study between prisoners and adolescents / Agresividad y psicopatía: un estudio comparativo entre prisionesros y adolescentes

A agressividade e a psicopatia estão relacionadas com o funcionamento do córtex pré-frontal (CPF), cuja maturação leva aproximadamente 21 anos. Assim, objetivou-se identificar a existência de diferenças entre um grupo de adolescentes, com no máximo 20 anos de idade, e um grupo de detentos no tocante ao nível de agressividade e psicopatia. Para tanto, contou-se com a participação de 48 detentos do sexo masculino, com idade média de 34,6 (DP = 8,68) e 48 adolescentes do sexo masculino, com idade média de 17,75 (DP = 1,15). Os participantes responderam ao Questionário de Agressão de Buss-Perry, a Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy scale (LSRS) e a um questionário sociodemográfico. Os resultados dos testes Mann-Whitney e teste t de student indicaram a existência de diferenças significativas apenas para a psicopatia secundária, sendo mais característica em detentos. Os achados foram discutidos considerando a relação do desenvolvimento do CPF com fatores ambientais

Aggression and psychopathy are prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity-related and the maturation of this region takes approximately 21 years. Our aim was to assess differences in aggression and psychopathy levels between an adolescent group (máx age 20) and a prisoner group. It counted with a sample of 48 male prisoners mean aged 34,6 (SD = 3.66) and 48 male adolescents mean aged 17,75 (SD = 1.5). The participants answered the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire; the Levenson Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (LSRS) and a demographic questionnaire. The Mann-Whitney test and the Student's t-test results shown significant differences only for secondary psychopathy, which was higher in the prisoner group. Our findings were discussed considering the relationship between the PFC development and external factors

La agresividad y la psicopatía están relacionadas con el funcionamiento de la corteza prefrontal (CPF), cuya maduración tarda aproximadamente 21 años. Por lo tanto, el objetivo era identificar la existencia de diferencias entre un grupo de adolescentes, con un máximo de 20 años de edad, y un grupo de prisioneros, con respecto al nivel de agresión y psicopatía. Para ello, participaron del estudio 48 prisioneros de sexo masculino, con una edad promedio de 34,6 (DE = 8,68) y 48 adolescentes de sexo masculino, con una edad promedio de 17,75 (DE = 1,15). Los participantes respondieron al Cuestionario de Agresión de Buss-Perry, al Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy scale ­ LSRS y a un cuetionario sociodemográfico. Los resultados de los testes de Mann-Whitney y de t de Student indicaron diferencias significativas solo para la psicopatía secundaria, siendo más característicos en los prisioneros. Los hallazgos se discutieron como base en la relación del desarrollo de la CPF con factores ambientales

Beyond ANOVA and MANOVA for repeated measures: Advantages of generalized estimated equations and generalized linear mixed models and its use in neuroscience research.

In neuroscience research, longitudinal data are often analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) for repeated measures (rmANOVA/rmMANOVA). However, these analyses have special requirements: The variances of the differences between all possible pairs of within-subject conditions (i.e., levels of the independent variable) must be equal. They are also limited to fixed repeated time intervals and are sensitive to missing data. In contrast, other models, such as the generalized estimating equations (GEE) and the generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), suggest another way to think about the data and the studied phenomenon. Instead of forcing the data into the ANOVAs assumptions, it is possible to design a flexible/personalized model according to the nature of the dependent variable. We discuss some advantages of GEE and GLMM as alternatives to rmANOVA and rmMANOVA in neuroscience research, including the possibility of using different distributions for the parameters of the dependent variable, a better approach for different time length points, and better adjustment to missing data. We illustrate these advantages by showing a comparison between rmANOVA and GEE in a real example and providing the data and a tutorial code to reproduce these analyses in R. We conclude that GEE and GLMM may provide more reliable results when compared to rmANOVA and rmMANOVA in neuroscience research, especially in small sample sizes with unbalanced longitudinal designs with or without missing data.

Cuidados de enfermagem em pacientes queimados nas unidades de terapia intensiva / Nursing care in burned patients in intensive care units / Cuidados de enfermería en pacientes quemados en unidades de cuidados intensivos

Objetivo: evidenciar os cuidados de enfermagem descritos na literatura nacional e internacional que são aplicados em pacientes queimados em terapia intensiva. Método: revisão integrativa, realizada no período de fevereiro a dezembro de 2020, nas bases de dados eletrônicas US National Library of Medicine, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Resultados: foram selecionados oito artigos, os quais foram categorizados em Cuidados de Enfermagem com a pele em pacientes queimados, Cuidados de Enfermagem com a mobilidade em pacientes queimados e Cuidados de Enfermagem em pacientes queimados em relação à dor, dispositivos e prevenção de complicações. Conclusão: os cuidados de enfermagem para pacientes queimados em terapia intensiva estão intensamente atrelados aos cuidados com as lesões de pele e seus desdobramentos, assim como a prevenção de infecções.

Objective: to highlight the nursing care described in the National and International Literature that is applied to burned patients in intensive care. Methods: integrative review, carried out from February to December, 2020, using the following electronic bases: US National Library of Medicine, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Results: it was selected eight articles, which were categorized into Nursing Care for skin in burned patients, Nursing Care for mobility in burned patients and Nursing Care for burned patients in relation to pain, devices and prevention of complications. Conclusion: nursing care for burned patients in intensive care is associated to the care of skin lesions and their consequences, as well as the prevention of infections.

Objetivo: destacar los cuidados de enfermería descritos en la literatura nacional e internacional que se aplican en pacientes quemados en cuidados intensivos. Método: revisión integradora, realizada de febrero a diciembre de 2020, en las bases de datos electrónicas US National Library of Medicine, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online y Virtual Health Library. Resultados: se seleccionaron ocho artículos, los cuales se clasificaron en Cuidados de Enfermería con la Pelea en Pacientes Enfermos, Cuidados de Enfermería con la Movilidad en Pacientes Enfermos y Cuidados de Enfermería en Pacientes Enfermos en relación con el dolor, los dispositivos y la prevención de complicaciones. Conclusión: los cuidados de enfermería a los pacientes quemados en cuidados intensivos están intensamente ligados al cuidado de las lesiones cutáneas y sus desdoblamientos, así como a la prevención de infecciones.

Ecotoxicological responses of Daphnia magna and Eisenia andrei in landfill leachate.

Leachate toxicity using bioindicators such as microcrustaceans and earthworms has not been fully elucidated. These bioindicators are traditionally determined through physicochemical and microbiological analyses. The ecotoxicological assessment of leachate using indicator organisms from different environments is a technique to ensure the treatment and safe disposal of this effluent with minimum impact on human health and the environment. The current study aimed to evaluate the ecotoxicological responses of Daphnia magna and Eisenia andrei in landfill leachate, identifying which organism was more sensitive to this effluent. The leachate used in ecotoxicological tests was collected at the Campina Grande Sanitary Landfill (ASCG), Paraíba, Brazil. The leachate sample contained a high content of organic matter in the form of chemical oxygen demand (19496.86 mg.L-1) and ammoniacal nitrogen (2198.00 mg.NL-1), in addition to metals with carcinogenic potential, such as Cr (0.64 mg.L-1) and Fe (1.16 mg.L-1). The exposure of Daphnia magna to the leachate showed that the effluent is harmful to aquatic organisms, obtaining an EC 50, 48 h = 1.22%, FT of 128 and a TU of 81.96%. Among the contaminant concentrations tested in Eisenia andrei, 57% (59.28 mL.kg-1) caused the highest lethality, causing the death of 21 earthworms within 72 hours of exposure. The avoidance test showed that exposure to leachate concentrations between 10.38 and 39.86 mL.kg-1 led to the leakage of earthworms, and habitat loss was observed at a concentration of 55.80 mL.kg-1, in which leak response (LR) ≥80% was obtained. This study demonstrates that the mentioned organisms are suitable for ecotoxicological tests in landfill leachate. Moreover, the microcrustacean Daphnia magna showed the most significant sensitivity, presenting a rapid ecotoxicological response to the leachate.

The multigenerational effects of clothianidin on Chironomus xanthus: Larvae exposed to this acetylcholine super agonist show no clear resistance.

Clothianidin (CLO) is an insecticide belonging to the second-generation class of neonicotinoids. In this study, we evaluated how CLO affects the survival and the complete life cycle of the tropical insect Chironomus xanthus, a non-target species, considering the Parental (P) and Filial (F1) generations. We found a 48 h-lethal concentration (LC50) of CLO of 3.78 µg/L. The lowest observed effect concentrations (LOECs) were: i) for body growth and head capsule width in P generation = 47.3 ng/L CLO; ii) for body growth and head capsule width in F1 generation larvae = 80 and 36.4 ng/L CLO, respectively; iii) for cumulative emergence it was 80 ng/L CLO in the P generation, while there was no significant difference in the F1 generation; iv) for total developmental time for males and females = 61.53 ng/L in P generation; v) in the F1 generation, the LOEC was determined to be 36.4 ng/L for males and 80 ng/L for females; vi) The number of total hatched eggs and total hatched eggs/female had LOECs of 36.4 ng/L CLO for both generations. Our study reveals that environmentally relevant concentrations of the CLO-based insecticide are highly toxic to C. xanthus. It also shows that the F1 generation, resulting from parents exposed to CLO was not clearly resistant to the insecticide. This fact might be explained by the different effects observed for males and females of F1 generation. Understanding the sub-types of acetylcholine receptors present on target and non-target insect species and toxicological effects of neonicotinoids seems to be desirable for the insecticide industry to deal with insect pests and the environmental protection of non-target organisms.

Physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of landfilled waste from Campina Grande, Brazil.

The properties of municipal solid waste (MSW) in landfills vary considerably, depending on the waste's composition, time, and density. This variability in MSW properties leads to many uncertainties in the analysis of landfill performance. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate landfilled waste's physical, chemical, and mechanical properties for 8 days. Throughout this study, it was possible to investigate the gravimetric composition, density of solid particles, moisture content, volatile solids, pH, total alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3), grain size distribution, compaction properties, and shear strength of the landfilled waste. It was found that 71% of the waste corresponds to the denominated "others" category, the content of fine materials is 65%, the optimum water content is 34%, the moisture content is 41%, and the volatile solids is 67%. The chemical parameters indicated that the MSW was in the initial phase of biodegradation (acidogenesis), as the pH, total alkalinity, COD, and N-NH3 showed to be 5, 1575 mgCaCO3.L-1, 13698.6 mgO2.L-1, and 56 mgN-NH3.L-1, respectively. On the mechanical aspect, the waste presented a cohesion of 17 kPa and an internal friction angle of 16°. In general, the results showed that the waste's physical, chemical, and mechanical properties altered during the landfilling process.

The dorsal subiculum is not necessary for step-through inhibitory avoidance acquisition and consolidation in rats.

The dorsal subiculum (DSub) has reciprocal connections with the dorsal hippocampus, and these regions play a role in spatial representation in contextual fear conditioning (CFC). Recently, we used AP5 and muscimol infusions to show that the DSub is required for CFC consolidation. The CFC component can be present in other learning tasks, such as step-through inhibitory avoidance (ST IA), which requires the dorsal hippocampus for acquisition and consolidation. This suggests that the DSub may be also involved in ST IA if the CFC component of the protocol is strong enough. Therefore, this study tested whether the DSub participates in ST IA acquisition and consolidation in male Wistar rats. Our data showed that pre-or posttraining infusions of AP5 or muscimol into the DSub did not affect ST IA acquisition and consolidation. We discuss the present results in relation to our previous findings, which showed the involvement of the DSub in CFC consolidation, and highlight some reasons that may explain the divergent results between the tasks. First, we note the possibility to escape from the unconditioned stimulus that occurs in ST IA, but not in CFC. We also suggest that the instrumental component of ST IA seems to be more prominent than the CFC one. Finally, we consider the possible influence of aspects of anxiety present in the ST IA, but not in CFC. These possible interpretations provide a broad framework in respect of the present results and raise new questions that demand further studies exploring the DSub function in inhibitory avoidance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Trend incidence of HIV-AIDS according to different diagnostic criteria in Campinas-SP, Brazil from 1980 to 2016. / Tendência da incidência de HIV-aids segundo diferentes critérios diagnósticos em Campinas-SP, Brasil de 1980 a 2016.

The objective of this study was to analyze the temporal trend of the incidence coefficients of HIV-AIDS infection via a retrospective ecological study and segmented regression in individuals older than 13 year reported at SINAN between 1980 and 2016. Of the 14,204 reported cases, 70.9% were male and 39.5% were white. The AIDS criterion presented growing incidence from 1986 to 1996 with Annual Percentual Change (APC) of 108.5% per year between 1983 and 1989 (CI: 90.3 - 128.4), between 1989 and 1998 the APC was 13.2% (CI: 8.2 - 18.3) and APC reduction in the period from 1998 to 2016, -6.2% (CI: -7.4 - -4.9). High coefficients of the death criteria between 1988 and 2002 (4.7/100,000 inhabitants), with a noticeable decrease after 1995. The growth of the HIV+ criteria from 2000 onward was observed, reaching 30.2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2016. Although incidence rates still remain high in the municipality, these trends are consistent with the positive impact of early detection policies and access to clinical and therapeutic follow-up of individuals with HIV and AIDS in Campinas.

O estudo teve por objetivo analisar a tendência temporal dos coeficientes de incidência da infecção por HIV-aids por meio de estudo ecológico retrospectivo e regressão segmentada em maiores de 13 anos notificados no SINAN entre os anos de 1980 e 2016. Dos 14.204 casos notificados, 70,9% eram do sexo masculino e 39,5% brancos. Nota-se aumento da incidência do critério aids de 1986 a 1996 com variação anual percentual (APC) de 108,5% ao ano entre 1983 a 1989 (IC: 90,3 - 128,4), entre os anos de 1989 e 1998 a APC foi de 13,2% (IC: 8,2 - 18,3) e redução da APC no período de 1998 a 2016, -6,2% (IC: -7,4 - -4,9). Altos coeficientes do critério óbito entre os anos 1988 a 2002 (4,7/100.00 hab.) com queda acentuada após 1995. Observa-se crescimento do critério HIV+ a partir do ano 2000, chegando a 30,2 por 100 mil habitantes em 2016. Embora as taxas de incidência ainda permaneçam altas no município, estas tendências são compatíveis com o impacto positivo das políticas de detecção precoce e acesso ao seguimento clínico e terapêutico dos indivíduos com HIV e aids na cidade.

Tendência da incidência de HIV-aids segundo diferentes critérios diagnósticos em Campinas-SP, Brasil de 1980 a 2016 / Trend incidence of HIV-AIDS according to different diagnostic criteria in Campinas-SP, Brazil from 1980 to 2016

Resumo O estudo teve por objetivo analisar a tendência temporal dos coeficientes de incidência da infecção por HIV-aids por meio de estudo ecológico retrospectivo e regressão segmentada em maiores de 13 anos notificados no SINAN entre os anos de 1980 e 2016. Dos 14.204 casos notificados, 70,9% eram do sexo masculino e 39,5% brancos. Nota-se aumento da incidência do critério aids de 1986 a 1996 com variação anual percentual (APC) de 108,5% ao ano entre 1983 a 1989 (IC: 90,3 - 128,4), entre os anos de 1989 e 1998 a APC foi de 13,2% (IC: 8,2 - 18,3) e redução da APC no período de 1998 a 2016, -6,2% (IC: -7,4 - -4,9). Altos coeficientes do critério óbito entre os anos 1988 a 2002 (4,7/100.00 hab.) com queda acentuada após 1995. Observa-se crescimento do critério HIV+ a partir do ano 2000, chegando a 30,2 por 100 mil habitantes em 2016. Embora as taxas de incidência ainda permaneçam altas no município, estas tendências são compatíveis com o impacto positivo das políticas de detecção precoce e acesso ao seguimento clínico e terapêutico dos indivíduos com HIV e aids na cidade.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the temporal trend of the incidence coefficients of HIV-AIDS infection via a retrospective ecological study and segmented regression in individuals older than 13 year reported at SINAN between 1980 and 2016. Of the 14,204 reported cases, 70.9% were male and 39.5% were white. The AIDS criterion presented growing incidence from 1986 to 1996 with Annual Percentual Change (APC) of 108.5% per year between 1983 and 1989 (CI: 90.3 - 128.4), between 1989 and 1998 the APC was 13.2% (CI: 8.2 - 18.3) and APC reduction in the period from 1998 to 2016, -6.2% (CI: -7.4 - -4.9). High coefficients of the death criteria between 1988 and 2002 (4.7/100,000 inhabitants), with a noticeable decrease after 1995. The growth of the HIV+ criteria from 2000 onward was observed, reaching 30.2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2016. Although incidence rates still remain high in the municipality, these trends are consistent with the positive impact of early detection policies and access to clinical and therapeutic follow-up of individuals with HIV and AIDS in Campinas.

Diversidade bacteriana associada à biodegradação de resíduos sólidos urbanos / Bacterial diversity associated with biodegradation of urban solid waste

RESUMO O conhecimento das populações bacterianas responsáveis pela biodegradação dos resíduos sólidos dispostos em aterros sanitários pode levar ao desenvolvimento de alternativas tecnológicas viáveis para o tratamento e a estabilização dos resíduos, resultando em impactos positivos para a operação de aterros, a recuperação de energia, a saúde pública e o meio ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a diversidade bacteriana associada à biodegradação de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) aterrados em uma célula experimental no município de Campina Grande, Paraíba. O estudo abrangeu as etapas de construção, planejamento estatístico dos bairros de Campina Grande para coleta e preenchimento da célula experimental com RSU. As amostras de DNA das bactérias encontradas nos RSU foram extraídas com o Kit Power Soil DNA Isolation. Em seguida, foi realizada a análise genética com primers universais para bactérias via reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e eletroforese em gel de gradiente com desnaturante (DGGE), e, por fim, sequenciamento genético (região 16S do RNAr). Após o exame microbiológico, as principais bactérias associadas aos táxons foram: Uncultured Pseudomonas sp, Uncultured bacterium, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae e Uncultured Bacillus sp., sugerindo que nos RSU existem representantes ainda desconhecidos e/ou não isolados que estão relacionados aos processos de hidrólise, acidogênese e acetogênese na digestão anaeróbia dos resíduos.

ABSTRACT The knowledge of bacterial populations responsible for the biodegradation of solid waste disposed of in landfills can lead to the development of feasible technological alternatives for the treatment and stabilization of residues, resulting in positive impacts for the operation of landfills, energy recovery, public health and the environment. The objective of this work is to characterize the bacterial diversity associated to the biodegradation of grounded MSW in an experimental Cell in the city of Campina Grande-PB. The study covered the stages of construction, statistical planning of the districts of Campina Grande-PB for collection and filling of the experimental Cell with MSW. The DNA samples of the bacteria found in the MSW were extracted with the Power Soil DNA Isolation Kit, then the genetic analysis was performed with universal primers for bacteria via PCR and DGGE, and finally, genetic sequencing (16S RNA region). Following the microbiological examination, the main bacteria associated to the taxons were: Uncultured Pseudomonas sp, Uncultured bacterium, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Uncultured Bacillus sp., suggesting that in the MSW there are still unknown and/or non-isolated representatives that are related to hydrolysis, acidogenesis and acetogenesis in the anaerobic digestion of the residues.

Temporal trend of tuberculosis in Brazil.

The objective was to analyze the temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence rates in Brazilian states and regions to identify patterns and inequalities. We carried out an ecological study of incidence rates per 100,000 inhabitants aged between 20 and 59 years with tuberculosis in Brazil and in their respective states from 2001 to 2017 according to annual percentage change and joinpoint regression. A significant decrease of -15.1% in the annual variation (95%CI: -27.2; -1.0) was observed in Roraima between the years 2003-2007. In the Central Region, Goiás registered an annual average variation of -2.5% per year (95%CI: -3.6; -1.3). Five out of nine Northeastern states had decreasing annual variations throughout the studied series. Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro were the states of the Southeast that presented decreasing between 2001-2017. In the Southern Region, the state of Paraná was the only one with the same annual variation of -3.7% (95%CI: -4.1; -3.2). In Brazil, the average annual percentage change was -1.8% (95%CI: -2.4; -1.1). The results of this study showed a decline in the incidence of tuberculosis in Brazil. However, regional and intra-regional differences were observed. Determining the trend pattern of tuberculosis incidence may assist in the planning and implementation of national tuberculosis control policies.

The dorsal subiculum is required for contextual fear conditioning consolidation in rats.

The hippocampal formation has a well-known role in contextual fear conditioning. The dorsal subiculum connects the hippocampus to the entorhinal cortex through pathways that seemingly rely on NMDA-dependent synaptic plasticity. The role of the dorsal subiculum in contextual fear conditioning retrieval, but not acquisition, has been previously reported. However, most of the critical biological phenomena involved in memory formation occur in the consolidation phase. The present study aimed to assess the effects of intra-dorsal subiculum muscimol or AP5 infusion on contextual fear conditioning consolidation. Our data show that dorsal subiculum integrity, as well as NMDA transmission in this region, seem to be necessary for contextual fear conditioning consolidation.

Emissões fugitivas de biogás em camada de cobertura de solo compactado em aterro sanitário / Fugitive emissions of biogas in coverage liner of compacted soil in a landfill

RESUMO As emissões fugitivas de biogás podem representar parcela significativa do fluxo de gases em aterros sanitários, inviabilizar o aproveitamento energético do metano (CH4), além de oferecer riscos à saúde ambiental das comunidades circunvizinhas ao empreendimento. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as emissões fugitivas e os fatores que interferem no fluxo de biogás em camada de cobertura final (liner) de aterro sanitário. A área de estudo consistiu em uma célula de resíduos, com massa de 62.359,44 t de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) depositados, no aterro sanitário de Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil. Nessa célula, foram realizadas medições das emissões fugitivas de biogás, por meio da metodologia de placa de fluxo estática, análises das concentrações de gases na interface solo-resíduo, utilizando dispositivos de medição de concentração de gases (DMC) e mapeamentos das emissões de gases na célula de resíduos, aplicando técnicas de interpolação de dados baseada na Krigagem. Foram verificados fluxos de CH4 e dióxido de carbono (CO2) variando de 0 a 0,09 e 24,62 a 331,31 g.m-2.dia-1, respectivamente. O percentual de retenção do CH4 e do CO2 pela liner foi elevado, acima de 95%, sendo influenciado principalmente pelo elevado grau de compactação (GC) médio obtido para a célula (91,84%) e pela eficiência do sistema de drenagem de gases. O mapeamento das emissões de biogás na célula de resíduos mostrou-se uma ferramenta importante na identificação das áreas com maior potencial de geração e de fluxo de biogás pela camada de cobertura.

ABSTRACT Fugitive biogas emissions can represent a significant part of the gas flow in landfills, make the methane (CH4) energy use unfeasible, and also pose risks to the environmental health of the surrounding communities. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate the fugitive emissions and the factors that interfere in the biogas flow in the final landfill liner. The study area consisted of a Waste Cell, with a mass of 62,359.44 t of MSW deposited at the Campina Grande Sanitary Landfill, Paraíba, Brazil. In this Cell, measurements of the fugitive emissions of biogas were carried out, using the static chamber methodology; analysis of the concentration of gases at the soil-waste interface, using Gas Concentration Measurement Devices (CMD); and mapping of the gas emissions in the Waste Cell, applying data interpolation techniques based on Kriging. Flows of CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) ranging from 0 to 0.09 and 24.62 to 331.31 g.m-2.day-1, respectively. The percentage of retention of CH4 and CO2 by the liner was high, above 95%, being influenced mainly by the high degree of average compaction obtained for the Waste Cell (91.84%) and by the efficiency of the gas drainage system. The mapping of biogas emissions in the Waste Cell proved to be an important tool in the identification of the areas with the greatest potential for biogas generation and flow through the cover liner.

Temporal trend of tuberculosis in Brazil / Tendência temporal da tuberculose no Brasil / Evolución temporal de la tuberculosis en Brasil

The objective was to analyze the temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence rates in Brazilian states and regions to identify patterns and inequalities. We carried out an ecological study of incidence rates per 100,000 inhabitants aged between 20 and 59 years with tuberculosis in Brazil and in their respective states from 2001 to 2017 according to annual percentage change and joinpoint regression. A significant decrease of -15.1% in the annual variation (95%CI: -27.2; -1.0) was observed in Roraima between the years 2003-2007. In the Central Region, Goiás registered an annual average variation of -2.5% per year (95%CI: -3.6; -1.3). Five out of nine Northeastern states had decreasing annual variations throughout the studied series. Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro were the states of the Southeast that presented decreasing between 2001-2017. In the Southern Region, the state of Paraná was the only one with the same annual variation of -3.7% (95%CI: -4.1; -3.2). In Brazil, the average annual percentage change was -1.8% (95%CI: -2.4; -1.1). The results of this study showed a decline in the incidence of tuberculosis in Brazil. However, regional and intra-regional differences were observed. Determining the trend pattern of tuberculosis incidence may assist in the planning and implementation of national tuberculosis control policies.

O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a tendência temporal das taxas de incidência da tuberculose nas regiões e estados brasileiros para identificar padrões e desigualdades. Realizamos um estudo ecológico sobre as taxas de incidência da tuberculose por 100.000 habitantes (entre 20 e 59 anos de idade) no Brasil e nos respectivos estados, entre 2001 e 2017, de acordo com a variação percentual anual e regressão joinpoint. Foi observada uma diminuição significativa (-15,1%) na variação anual (IC95%: -27,2; -1,0) em Roraima entre 2003 e 2007. Na Região Centro-oeste, o Estado de Goiás registrou uma variação percentual anual de -2,5% (IC95%: -3,6; -1,3). Cinco dos nove estados do Nordeste mostraram variações anuais decrescentes ao longo da série estudada. No Sudeste, Espírito Santo e Rio de Janeiro foram os estados com variações decrescentes entre 2001 e 2017. No Sul, o Estado do Paraná foi o único com a mesma variação anual de -3,7% (IC95%: -4,1; -3,2). No Brasil, a variação percentual anual média foi -1,8% (IC95%: -2,4; -1,1). Os resultados do estudo mostram uma queda nas taxas de incidência da tuberculose no Brasil. Entretanto, foram observadas diferenças regionais e intrarregionais. O estudo do padrão temporal na incidência da tuberculose pode ajudar no planejamento e implementação de políticas nacionais de controle da doença.

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la tendencia temporal en las tasas de incidencia de tuberculosis en los estados brasileños y regiones para identificar patrones e inequidades. Llevamos a cabo un estudio ecológico de las tasas de incidencia por cada 100.000 habitantes, con edades comprendidas entre los 20 y 59 años, con tuberculosis en Brasil y en sus respectivos estados desde 2001 a 2017, según la variación porcentual anual y un análisis de regresión por puntos de inflexión. Se observó una disminución significativa de un -15.1% en la variación anual (IC95%: -27,2; -1,0) en Roraima, entre los años 2003-2007. En la región central, Goiás registró una variación promedio anual de un -2.5% por año (IC95%: -3,6; -1,3). Cinco de los nueve de los estados del noreste contaban con variaciones anuales decrecientes a través de las series estudiadas. Espírito Santo y Río de Janeiro fueron los estados del Sudeste que presentaron decremento entre 2001-2017. En la región del sur, el estado de Paraná fue la única con la misma variación anual de -3,7% (IC95%: -4,1; -3,2). En Brasil, la variación porcentual anual promedio fue -1,8% por año (IC95%: -2,4; -1,1). Los resultados de este estudio mostraron un declive en las tasas de incidencia de la tuberculosis en Brasil. No obstante, se observaron diferencias regionales e intrarregionales. Determinar el patrón de tendencia en la incidencia de tuberculosis puede ayudar en la planificación e implementación de las políticas de control nacionales frente a la tuberculosis.

Ações educativas para Promoção da Saúde na escola: revisão integrativa / Educational activities for Health Promotion in school: integrative review

Identificar e descrever as evidências científicas sobre ações educativas realizadas pelo Programa Saúde na Escola. Revisão integrativa, com levantamento bibliográfico entre os anos 2014 e 2018, em bases de dados eletrônicas com tradição em publicações na área da saúde. O levantamento resultou em 12 artigos que abordaram os seguintes eixos: estudo cartográfica na escola, uso de web rádio com escolares, conhecimento de escolares sobre poluição, percepções de educadores sobre educação inclusiva, ações de alimentação e nutrição na escola, enfermeiros no contexto escolar, promoção da saúde auditiva, saúde em disfonia infantil, atenção primária à saúde de escolares, práticas intersetoriais e acidentes de trabalho entre escolares. A educação em saúde é apontada como importante estratégia para alcance de indicadores positivos, no que diz respeito à promoção da saúde e prevenção de doenças entre escolares.

To identify and describe scientific evidences on educational activities undertaken by the School Health Program. Integrative review, coupled to bibliographical survey, between 2014 and 2018, based on electronic data with regard to publication in health. Survey pinpointed twelve articles on the following items: cartographic study of the school, the use of web radio with students, students´ knowledge on pollution, perception of educators with regard to inclusive education, feeding and nutrition in school, nursing within the school context, audition health promotion, children´s dysphonia, first aid to students, intersecting practices and labor accidents among students. Health education is the main strategy to attend to positive indexes with regard to health promotion and prevention of diseases among students.

[Critical pathway of women facing violence: an integrative reviewLa ruta crítica que recorren las mujeres en situación de violencia: revisión integradora]. / Rota crítica de mulheres em situação de violência: revisão integrativa.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the critical pathway taken by women facing domestic violence in the world in their search for help. METHOD: An integrative review was performed. LILACS, MEDLINE/ PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched until year 2017. The following were inclusion criteria: full text available online, Portuguese, Spanish, or English as language of publication, focus on the theme of interest, and answering the guiding question (Which critical path is taken by women facing domestic violence?). RESULTS: Thirty-eight articles published from 2001 to 2017 were included. Factors driving the search for help included economic empowerment and increased schooling, severity of the violence, and presence of structured and qualified support services. Factors inhibiting the search for help were immigrant status, cultural gender norms, feelings of guilt, fear, and shame, lack of confidence and little knowledge and/or limited availability of formal support services. Children as well as family and community support may function as both inhibitors or drivers of the search for help. The types of formal help most often sought are police and health care services, whereas family, community, and religious leadership provide informal support. CONCLUSION: The critical pathway of women facing domestic violence in the world includes both formal and informal elements. Therefore, it is necessary to address sociocultural, community, and family issues so as to encourage women to break free from the violent environment and seek qualified formal support networks.

OBJETIVO: Conocer la ruta crítica que recorren las mujeres en situación de violencia doméstica en el mundo en su búsqueda de ayuda. MÉTODOS: Revisión integradora, con una búsqueda realizada en las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE vía PubMed, BASE, Scopus y Web of Science. No hubo restricción en cuanto al año inicial de las publicaciones, pero se estableció el 2017 como el año final. Se incluyeron artículos de texto completo disponible en línea, publicados en español, inglés o portugués, que trataran del tema de investigación y respondieran a la pregunta orientadora (¿Cuál es la ruta crítica que recorren las mujeres en situación de violencia doméstica?). RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 38 artículos publicados desde el 2001 hasta el 2017. Entre los factores impulsores de la búsqueda de ayuda se encontraron el empoderamiento económico y el alto grado de escolaridad, la gravedad de la violencia y la existencia de servicios de apoyo estructurados y calificados. Como factores inhibidores se encontraron el hecho de que la mujer fuera inmigrante, la existencia de normas culturales de género, los sentimientos de culpa, miedo y vergüenza, la falta de confianza y el escaso conocimiento o la poca disponibilidad de servicios de apoyo formal. Los hijos y el apoyo de la familia y la comunidad pueden ser factores inhibidores o impulsores de la búsqueda de ayuda. Los tipos de ayuda formal más buscados son la policía y los servicios de salud, mientras que la familia, la comunidad y las autoridades religiosas se configuran como formas de apoyo informal. CONCLUSIÓN: La ruta crítica que recorren las mujeres en situación de violencia doméstica en el mundo comprende la búsqueda de ayuda formal e informal. Por lo tanto, es preciso trabajar en los aspectos socioculturales, comunitarios y familiares para incentivar a las mujeres a desvincularse de la situación de violencia, lo cual incluye la búsqueda de una red de apoyo formal calificada.